Physician owned distributorships (PODs) have been the source of considerable controversy for years. A couple years ago, they caught the attention of Congress. Now, the Office of Inspector General of the Department of Health and Human Services (“OIG”) has issued a Fraud Alert making clear their dislike of PODs and sending a clear shot across the bow of those who are in that industry.
PODs distribute various things, most commonly surgical implants and devices, that are reimbursed by insurers. A patient needs a spinal rod, a surgical implant/device company makes it and a distributor rep distributes it. Device/implant companies usually contract with distributorships to sell their products. Distributorships contract with reps who are paid commissions for sales. Surgeons who actually order the devices sometimes think “Since I’m the one doing the surgery and ordering all this stuff, why can’t I earn something from that? I’m not ordering anything I don’t need or that I don’t think is good for the patient.” PODs are one way for physicians to financially benefit from the sales of devices and items their patients need, but they have never been more controversial than now.
Conceptually speaking, PODs are controversial because government regulators think physicians who have an economic stake in health care items or services will tend to over utilize them which means we could see future investigations to this effect. Moreover, there is a specific concern that allowing physicians to profit from the devices their patients need violates federal anti kickback laws or the Stark prohibition on compensation arrangements. That’s exactly what the OIG thinks; and physicians who are owners of PODs can expect to be investigated by the feds.
In 2006, the Office of the Inspector General of HHS and CMS expressed major concerns about PODs, and cited concerns about “improper inducements.” At that time, the OIG stopped short of prohibiting them, but called for heightened scrutiny. CMS itself has stated that PODs “serve little purpose other than providing physicians the opportunity to earn economic benefits in exchange for nothing more than ordering medical devices or other products that the physician-investors use on their own patients.”
Implantable medical devices are unusual in the way they come into use. Unlike DMEPOS, for instance, medical devices are not sold to distributors. They’re sold from the manufacture to the medical facility where the surgery will take place. So, the argument goes, physicians are not actually in a position to drive the sales volume of the implants. The counter: physicians invested in a POD can leverage their hospital admissions to influence the device choice of hospitals and surgery centers.
The biggest legal hurdle for PODs is the federal Anti Kickback Statute, which carries both criminal and civil penalties. Simply put, if even one purpose of an arrangement is to pay for patient referrals, the law is violated. So, the law is arguably violated if one purpose of the POD is to induce physicians to order implants for their patients. Looked at another way, the law is violated if one purpose of a hospital doing business with a POD is to ensure patient referrals by the physician POD investors.
A 1989 OIG Special Fraud Alert on fraudulent physician joint ventures is especially interesting on the fraud and abuse issues in pointing out that the following would indicate unlawful intent to induce patient referrals—
Investor choice. If the only investors chosen are surgeons with an opportunity to refer and if they lack any business or management expertise, the arrangement appears to be a cloaked way to incentivize unlawful referrals (i.e. ordering implants). The key question is whether the business, in selecting investors, is looking to raise capital or to lock in referral sources.
Risk. If the POD investment involves little or no financial risk, the OIG would likely take issue with it.
The bottom line seems to be that if there isn’t a real business, with real financial risk and qualified investors, a POD will likely be viewed as a suspicious arrangement based on locking in patient referrals or physician admitting pressure by physician investors.
In its June, 2011 Inquiry “Physician Owned Distributors (PODs): Overview of Key Issues and Potential Areas for Congressional Oversight,” the U.S. Senate Finance Committee Minority Staff, the Committee reports “A number of legal and ethical concerns have been identified as a result of this initial inquiry into the POD Models.” The Committee reviewed over 1,000 pages of documents and spoke with over 50 people in preparing its report. The Committee cited long-held concerns regarding PODs, and leaned heavily on the 2006 Hogan Lovells (previously Hogan & Hartson) law firm’s anti-POD analysis.
It is clear now that the OIG has accepted the Hogan Lovells anti-POD reasoning. In particular, the OIG, on March 26, 2013, issued a Special Fraud Alert regarding PODs. In it, the OIG recounts the reasoning of the Anti Kickback Statute and also reminds readers of the concerns raised by Congress on the 2011 Senate Finance Committee Report. The Fraud Alert goes further than any governmental pronouncement on PODs than ever before, keying in on such things as (1) “corruption of medical judgment”, (2) “overutilization” and (3) “unfair competition.” The OIG continues: “We do not believe that disclosure to a patient of the physician’s financial interest in a POD is sufficient to address these concerns.” Calling PODs “inherently suspect under the anti-kickback statute,” the Fraud Alter specifies eight areas of particular concern, including:
●“The size of the investment offered to each physicians varies with expected or actual volume or value of devices used by the physician;” and
●“The POD is a shell entity that does not conduct appropriate product evaluations, maintain or manage a sufficient inventory in its own facility, or employ or otherwise contract with personnel necessary for operations.”
The OIG has gotten more proactive than ever by stating that the eight specified areas of concern are not intended to be used as a defense by those who structure PODs in such a way that responds to those concerns. For instance, those structuring a POD in a way that the size of the physician investment does not vary on the basis of expected or actual volume or value of devices used by the physician will likely find the OIG unimpressed by the distinction. Instead, the OIG invites parties to engage in the OIG Advisory Opinion advisory process. They are saying “Don’t do it. If you think you can put together a POD that won’t violate the law, show it to us and we’ll tell you if we think you got it right.”
Is this the death knell for PODs? Probably not, but the stakes are remarkably higher now that the OIG has presented clear prosecutorial intent. Those physicians committed to developing a POD need to take more seriously than ever (1) the legal risks, (2) the cost of investigation and enforcement, and (3) engaging in the advisory process.
